PC BASED RADAR SYSTEM USING INFRA RED RAYS

BLOCK DIGRAM OF RADAR SYSTEM




















 THEORY OF RADAR SYSTEM : - WHICH TELLS HOW DOES THE RADAR SYSTEM IS BUILT UP USING PC AND INFRARED RAYS

IT TELLS YOU ABOUT 4 PIN IC 817 WHICH IS KNOWN AS OPTOCOUPLER. HOW DOES IT CONNECT AND WORKS IN THIS SYSTEM

IT TELLS YOU ABOUT HOW DOES TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION OF INFRA RED OCCURS.

IT TELLS TOU ABOUT REST OF EVERY PART OF THIS SYSTEM FOR EXAMPLE RELAY ETC.

AC FUNDAMENTALS

1. ALTERNATIVE VOLTAGE :-A voltage that changes its polarity and magnitude at regular intervals of time is called an advertisement voltage

 2. SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATIVE QUANTITY-- An alternative quantity which varies according to sine of angle wt is known as sinusoidal alternative quantity

 3. GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT-- An alternative voltage can be generated either
a)by rotating a coil in a uniform magnetic field at constant speed
b)by rotating a uniform magnetic field within a stationary coil at a constant speed.


4. Equation of alternative EMF and CURRENT









5. IMPORTANT TERMS--
a) waveform
b) instantaneous value
c) cycle
d) Alternation
e) Time period
f) Frequency
g) Amplitude

6. IMPORTANT RELATIONS--
a) Relation between frequency and time period
b) Realtion between frequency and angular velocity

 7. Different forms of alternative voltage equation

 8. Values of alternative voltage and current

 9. Peak value-- The maximum value attained by an alternative quantity during one cycle is called its peak value

DEFINATION OF RETAILING AND FUNCTION OF RETAILERS

 Retailing is the set of business valuesthat add values to the products and services sold to customer for their personal and family use

Functions performed by retailors:-
1. Providing as assortment of products and services
2. Breaking Bulk
3. Holiding inventories
4. Providing services

SOCIAL AND CULTURE CONSEQUENCES OF ADVERTISEMENT

Impact of advertisement on society,particular on values and lifestyle.While a number of factors influence the cultural values,lifestyles and behaviour of a society.The various impacts are shown below:-

1. Advertising Encourages Materialism:- Many critics claim advertising has an adverse effect on consumer values by encouraging materialism-a preoccupation with material things rather than intellectual or spiritual concerns

2. Advertisement makes people buy things they don't need :- Advertisement makes people buy things they don't need.Many critics say advertising should just provide useful information about the products and should not persuade.

3. Advertising and Stereotyping- Advertising is often accused of creating stereotypes through its-
a) portrayal of women
b) Ethinic minorities
c) other groups

a) Women-Ctitics have often argued that advertisement depictswomen as preoccupied with beauty,household duties and motherhood and show them as decorative objects or sexually provocative figures

b) Blacks and hispanics:-African americans and hispanics have also been the target of stereotyping in advertising.Advertisers virtually ignored all non white groups as identifiable sub cultures and viable markets 

c) Other groups:- The focus has been on ethinic minorities and women,some other groups feel they are victims of stereotyping by advertisers

3) Advertising and the media:-It is well documented that economic censorship occurs,where as the media avoid certain topicsor even present biased news coverage,in acquiescence to advertise demands.

TYPES OF BRAND ASSOCIATION

 Brand association is anything which is deep seated in the mind of customer about the barnd.There are various type of brand assocition.










                                                                             
Types of brand association are:-
1. Product attributes
2. Intangibles
3. Customer benefits
4. Relative price
5. Use/Application
6  User/customer benefit













                                                                     
1. Product attributes-The most used positioning strategy is to associate an object with the product attribute.Developing such association is effective because when the attribute is meaningful,the associations can directly translate into reasons to buy or not to buy the goods.For example "jaguar" "a blending of art and machine"














                                                                       
2. Intangibles-Comapnies love to male brand comparision.Brands engaze in shouting matches,attempting to convince others of the superiority of their barnd along a key dimension or two.There are main three problems associate with intagibles:-
1. Position based upon specification is vulnerable to innovation
2.When a firm starts a specification shouting match,they all eventiually lose credibility
3. People do not always make decisions based upon a particular specification anyway.

Here is an example of General motor returns to its roots of intangibles.

3. Custoimer Benefits-Most product attributes provide customer benefits, there usually is a one to one correspondence between the two.For e,g Cavity control both a rpoduct characterstic of crest and a customer benefit.
In case of BMW it is a good handling providing customer driven satisfaction

4. Relative price-One product attribute relative price is so useful and pervasive that is appropriate to considered it seperatedly.In some product classes there are five well developed price levls.For e.g In the beer market there are
1, Mainstream premium beers
2. Super premium beers
3. Prestige beers
4. price brand beers
6. Store brand beers  




          Example of realtive price levels of hotels.

5. USE/APPLICATION-it is also used to associate the brand with the use or application For example campbell's soup for many years positioned  itself as a lunch time product and used noontime radio extensively

Example of use/application how to realte coffee with different contexts.


6. USER?CUSTOMER- It is also used to associate the brand with a type of product user or customer.When it works, a user strategy is effective because it can match positioning with a segmentation strategy.the role of user position is used by cosmetics industry in the late 1980s.

It is consist of various types of examples which used the user/ customer to associate the brand 

ADVERTISING TOP DOWN BUGDET APPROACHES

Budget approaches are used in estimating the advertising and sales promotion budget.It is mainly consisit of two methods
1. Top down approaches method
2. Build up approaches method

Top down budget are consist of another five types.These are
1. Affordable method
2. Arbitrary allocation method
3. Percentage of sales method
4. Competitive parity method
5. Return on investment method

In percentage of sales method the advertising and promotion budget is based upon the sales of the product.It is again consist of two methods
1.Straight percentage of sale
2. Percentage of unit cost

Advantage of percentage of sales method
1. Simple, straightforward and easy to implement
2. Based on future sales
Disadvantage of percentage of sales method
1. Sales
2. Stability

In competitive parity method the estimation of budget depends upon the competitor's expenditure on advertisement

In ROI method the advertisement and sales promotion are treated as plant and equipment.Thus budget appropriations looking for return on investements done by the company

Summary of top down budgeting methods

PRESENTATION ON WALLMART